Reasons for Provider-to-Provider Synchronous Teleconsultations Between Nurses in Primary Care: A Cross-Sectional Study of TelessaúdeRS-UFRGS Service.

Introduction: Nurses have proven to be fundamental for the expansion and consolidation of primary health care (PHC), as well as the development of digital health strategies. We explored the results of a synchronous telephone teleconsultations service between professionals for nurses in Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We retrieved data from teleconsultations registry. All teleconsultations answered by the team of nurses between September 2018 and July 2021 were analyzed regarding the reasons (according to International Classification of Primary Care, 2nd edition-ICPC-2) and decisions of the teleconsultation. Results: There were 9,273 phone teleconsultations registered in the period, requested by 3,125 nurses from all states throughout the country, of which 56.9% called once and 15.9% used the teleconsultations at least 4 times. We found 362 different reasons for solicitations, which were classified according to the ICPC-2 chapters. The most frequent codes were respiratory (25.9%), general and unspecified (21.2%), and skin (21.2%), which corresponded to 68% of the total sample. Most teleconsultations (66.9%) had as outcome the maintenance of the case at PHC. Conclusion: Teleconsultations are widely used and address a broad number of situations. This service may improve the quality of Brazilian PHC and promote the development of clinical reasoning and critical thinking by nurses.

Effect of Mobile Health Interventions on Lifestyle and Anthropometric Characteristics of Uncontrolled Hypertensive Participants: Secondary Analyses of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a mobile health (mHealth) intervention on lifestyle adherence and anthropometric characteristics among individuals with uncontrolled hypertension. We performed a randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03005470) where all participants received lifestyle counseling at baseline and were randomly allocated to receive (1) an automatic oscillometric device to measure and register blood pressure (BP) via a mobile application, (2) personalized text messages to stimulate lifestyle changes, (3) both mHealth interventions, or (4) usual clinical treatment (UCT) without technology (control). The outcomes were achieved for at least four of five lifestyle goals (weight loss, not smoking, physical activity, moderate or stopping alcohol consumption, and improving diet quality) and improved anthropometric characteristics at six months. mHealth groups were pooled for the analysis. Among 231 randomized participants (187 in the mHealth group and 45 in the control group), the mean age was 55.4 ± 9.5 years, and 51.9% were men. At six months, achieving at least four of five lifestyle goals was 2.51 times more likely (95% CI: 1.26; 5.00, p = 0.009) to be achieved among participants receiving mHealth interventions. The between-group difference reached clinically relevant, but marginally significant, reduction in body fat (-4.05 kg 95% CI: -8.14; 0.03, p = 0.052), segmental trunk fat (-1.69 kg 95% CI: -3.50; 0.12, p = 0.067), and WC (-4.36 cm 95% CI: -8.81; 0.082, p = 0.054), favoring the intervention group. In conclusion, a six-month lifestyle intervention supported by application-based BP monitoring and text messages significantly improves adherence to lifestyle goals and is likely to reduce some anthropometric characteristics in comparison with the control without technology support.

Orientação à atenção primária à saúde em uma equipe de saúde da família em Aracaju, Sergipe / The adequacy of primary health care in a family health team in Aracaju, Sergipe

A Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é componente chave para o fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde, que visam alcançar os princípios de integralidade e equidade. No Brasil, a organização da APS é norteada pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), que utilizacomo um dos principais instrumentos avaliativos o Primary Care Assessment Tool(PCAT). Esse instrumento mede a orientação da APS à luz dos atributos essenciais (acesso de primeiro contato, longitudinalidade, integralidade e coordenação do cuidado) e derivados (orientação familiar e comunitária e competência cultural). O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o desempenho de uma Equipe de Saúde da Família (EqSF) no município de Aracaju, SE, à luz do PCAT, a fim de se obter o grau de orientação da APS. Foram entrevistados 310 adultos cadastrados maiores de 20 anos. Destes, 254 (81,9%) mostraram-se afiliados à Unidade de Saúde, sendo essa amostra utilizada para o cálculo do grau de orientação. O escore geral obtido foi de 6,8, com o valor de 6,66 sendo considerado indicativo de uma boa orientação para APS. Apesar desse resultado, foi percebido que os atributos de acesso, integralidade e orientação comunitária precisam de ajustes para que a equipe possa ofertar um serviço mais resolutivo e de qualidade.

Primary health care (PHC) is the key feature to enhance the world's health systems as it pursues major goals such as integrality and equality. In Brazil, the PHC system is ruled by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) which uses the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) as its main assessment instrument. This tool measures the adequacy of PHC (APHC) within the scope of four core PHC domains (first contact accessibility, longitudinality, comprehensiveness, and coordinated care) and its three sub-domains (family orientation, community orientation, and cultural competence). The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of a Family Health Team (FHT) in the city of Aracaju, by applying the PCAT, in order to obtain their APHC level. A total of 310 adults over 20 years of age were interviewed, of which 254 (81.9%) were affiliated with the FHT. This number was the sample used to calculate the APHC level. The general score obtained was 6.8 -a number higher than 6.66 is considered a good APHC level. Despite this result, the domains of accessibility, integrality, and community orientation call for some adjustments so the team can offer a higher quality of PHC services.

Distance learning course improves primary care dentists' diagnosis and self-efficacy in the management of oral lesions.

Oral cancer represents a public health issue because of its high mortality rate, resulting mainly from diagnostic delays. Insufficient training in oral diagnosis is usually perceived by dentists. Distance learning could be used as an auxiliary tool to bridge that gap. This study evaluated the impact of a distance learning course on oral mucosal lesion diagnosis offered to public healthcare dentists. Participants of an online course answered a pretest/posttest comprising clinical images of 30 clinical cases. Participants were questioned about the diagnosis and informed their decision on the cases (referring the cases to a specialist or managing them themselves), as a parameter of perceived self-efficacy. A total of 442 dentists enrolled in the course. Their pass rate was 97%. Classification of the nature of the lesions, diagnostic hypotheses, sensitivity, and specificity improved by 13.4%, 10.0%, 13.4%, and 6.6%, respectively (p<0.01, Wilcoxon test). Regarding management, there was a 16.6% reduction in the intention to refer cases, while confidence in the diagnosis of benign lesions increased by 40%. A distance learning course may be useful in continuing education actions for primary care dentists, improving their diagnostic abilities and encouraging them in the management of oral lesions. Moreover, this strategy could contribute to disseminating knowledge to remote regions, particularly among primary health care professionals.

Phase angle of bioimpedance at 50 kHz is associated with cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis.

The phase angle of bioimpedance is an important prognostic tool in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between phase angle and cardiovascular diseases. Electronic searches were carried out on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, SCIELO, LILACS, CINAHL, Scopus, and the Web of Science. The PECO was "P" adults over 18 years of age, "E" the presence of cardiovascular disease, "C" absence of cardiovascular disease, and "O" phase angle values. The phase-angle means difference (MD) was analyzed separately by sex. Subgroup metanalysis with age, body mass index, and heart failure disease and meta-regressions were analyzed with random-effects models. Sensitivity analysis was performed considering only studies with high quality. The heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the Q-Cochran test and I² statistics. Four-hundred-thirty-nine articles were identified, and 22 studies were included in this systematic review, totaling 10.010 participants. Eight studies met the criteria for the meta-analysis, involving 2164 participants. The phase angle (PA) was measured at 50 kHz frequency in all studies. Individuals with cardiovascular disease had a smaller PA compared to the control group, for both males (MD -0.70; 95% CI -1.01 to -0.39) and females (MD -0.76; 95% CI -1.39 to -0.13). In the sensitivity analysis, in men, the quality of studies (P < 0.01), and in women, heart failure (P < 0.01) was significantly different between groups.The values of the phase angle were lower in individuals with cardiovascular disease than in control subjects. This result reinforces the importance of this tool in clinical practice, highlighting its potential to assess health status. Registration: The systematic review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database as CRD42020164178.

Avaliação de adequabilidade de um serviço de telespirometria / Suitability assessment of a telespirometry service / Evaluación de la adecuación de un servicio de telespirometría

Introdução: As doenças respiratórias crônicas estão entre os principais problemas de saúde pública no mundo. Mesmo sendo sensíveis ao tratamento na Atenção Primária à Saúde, são a terceira principal causa de morte no Brasil. Os serviços de telemedicina apresentam-se como aliados importantes dos profissionais de saúde no que tange ao manejo de doenças respiratórias como a asma e a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Objetivo: Avaliar a adequabilidade de um serviço de telemedicina diagnóstica em espirometria considerando os indicadores de oferta, utilização e cobertura populacional no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados: No período estudado, o serviço ofertou 27.672 exames de telespirometria aos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul encaminhados por médicos da Atenção Primária à Saúde. A utilização esteve abaixo de 50% da oferta em todas as macrorregiões de saúde do estado. Conclusões: O estudo demonstrou que a capacidade instalada pelo serviço esteve adequada para atender à demanda populacional do Rio Grande do Sul, no entanto a baixa utilização do serviço pode estar associada ao desconhecimento sobre ele e à dificuldade em reconhecer essas doenças por parte dos profissionais de saúde da Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Introduction: Chronic respiratory diseases are among the main public health problems in the world. Despite being sensitive to treatment in Primary Health Care, they are the third leading cause of deaths in Brazil. Telemedicine services present themselves as important allies of health professionals regarding the management of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Objective: to evaluate the adequacy of a telemedicine diagnostic service in spirometry considering the indicators of supply, use and population coverage in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Results: In the studied period, the service offered 27,672 telespirometry tests to users of the Brazilian Unified Health System referred by Primary Health Care physicians; the use was under 50% in relation to the offer in all health macro-regions of the state. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the capacity installed by the service was adequate to meet the demand of the population in Rio Grande do Sul. However, the low usage of the service may be associated with lack of knowledge about the service and the difficulty to recognize these diseases by health professionals in Primary Health Care.

Introducción: Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas están entre los principales problemas de salud pública en el mundo. Aunque son sensibles al tratamiento en la Atención Primaria de Salud, son la tercera principal causa de muerte en Brasil. Los servicios de telemedicina se presentan como aliados importantes de los profesionales de la salud en lo que respecta al manejo de enfermedades respiratorias como asma y Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica. Objetivo: evaluar la adecuación de un servicio de telemedicina diagnóstica en espirometría considerando los indicadores de oferta, utilización y cobertura poblacional en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados: En el período estudiado, el servicio ofertó 27.672 exámenes de telespirometría a los usuarios del Sistema Único de Salud del RS encaminados por médicos de la atención primaria de salud, la utilización estuvo por debajo del 50% de la oferta en todas las macrorregiones de salud del Rio Grande do Sul. Conclusiones: El estudio demostró que la capacidad instalada por el servicio estuvo adecuada para atender la demanda poblacional de Rio Grande do Sul, sin embargo, la baja utilización del servicio puede estar asociada al desconocimiento del servicio y a la dificultad de reconocer estas enfermedades por parte de los profesionales de salud de la atención primaria de salud.

Telemedicine Versus Face-to-Face Care in Ophthalmology: Costs and Utility Measures in a Real-World Setting.

OBJECTIVES: Advances in telemedicine offer a unique opportunity to expand access to the health system. Nevertheless, few studies have described the impact of telediagnosis implementation on health and economic outcomes. METHODS: An ophthalmology telediagnosis service (TeleOftalmo) was compared with traditional face-to-face care provided by the Brazilian public health system. For both groups, utility data were collected at 2 time points using the Visual Function Questionnaire-Utility Index instrument from interviews with 536 patients. The cost per patient encounter was analyzed according to the time-driven activity-based costing. Value analyses were conducted to ascertain whether and how telemedicine service has the potential to generate cost savings for the health system. RESULTS: Visual function-related quality of life did not differ significantly between TeleOftalmo and face-to-face care groups. Using the current model, the telemedicine service assisted an average of 1159 patients per month at a median cost per telediagnosis of Int$97 (interquartile range, Int$82-Int$119) versus Int$77 (interquartile range, Int$75-Int$80) for face-to-face care. If the telemedicine service was redesigned, considering the opportunities for improvement identified, it could operate at a cost of Int$53 per telediagnosis (a 31% cost savings) and could serve 3882 patients per month. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the potential value of a telemedicine service. There was no difference in patient-perceived utility between a telediagnostic ophthalmology service and face-to-face care by an eye specialist. TeleOftalmo has the potential to be a cost-saving strategy for the Brazilian health system and could be a template for implementation of telediagnostic services in other regions.

Oral Medicine Experience and Attitudes Toward Oral Cancer: An Evaluation of Dentists Working in Primary Health Care.

This analytical, cross-sectional, observational study aimed to evaluate the perception of dentists working at the public system of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, regarding academic training to treat oral lesions, adoption of preventive measures for oral cancer, and attitude toward the need to perform oral biopsies. The sample consisted of questionnaires filled out by 192 dentists (153 women and 39 men) working in primary health care who participated in training activities on oral cancer diagnosis in July 2016. To enroll in the training activities, the professionals completed an online questionnaire to evaluate their perceptions regarding oral cancer issues. With respect to preventive measures, 96.88% of dentists reported performing full mouth examination, 87.50% reported providing tobacco cessation counseling, and 51.04% reported giving advice on excessive alcohol consumption. In addition, 72.40% and 44.79% of dentists considered, respectively, clinical training and theory instruction in oral medicine to be insufficient during undergraduate school. Only 8.33% reported performing biopsies in daily clinical routine, and almost 90% reported referring the patient to a specialist from the public system or universities. Lack of experience was the main reason not to perform a biopsy. The dentists in our sample recognize the importance of preventive measures for oral cancer, but few of them perform biopsies regularly. Therefore, there is a need for continuing education actions including practical training.

Brazilian Survey on Preventive Actions for the Population With Access to Primary Healthcare: Inefficient Spending in a Country in Economic Crisis.

BACKGROUND: Cancer ranks second as a cause of death in Brazil. Although preventive practices are part of the daily routine of primary healthcare (PHC) teams, organized screening programs are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of preventive interventions in the main cancer types, as defined by the Brazilian government. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from a larger project conducted in 2016 with PHC service users and physicians from all over Brazil, interviewed by trained research staff. The sample was stratified by the number of PHC physicians per geographic region, who were eligible for inclusion if they had been working in the same PHC unit for at least one year. Twelve adult patients with at least two encounters were included per participating physician. Only the data from service users were analyzed in this study. We evaluated the questions about preventive practices and calculated the following indicators: coverage, focus, screening errors, and screening ratio. National guidelines and international evidence were used as a comparison parameter. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 6160 service users. The data indicate that the recommendations for cervical, breast, and prostate cancer screening and for treatment of tobacco dependence are not adequately followed. Coverage for breast and cervical cancer screening presented an overutilization bias, with rates 50% and 9% above the expected, respectively. The screening focus was also inadequate: 24%, 47%, and 54% of the screening tests for the three cancer types were performed in individuals outside the recommended age range. 31% of smokers were not approached for treatment. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the Brazilian population has been subjected to inadequate and potentially iatrogenic interventions in PHC. New policies based on stricter criteria of adequacy and increased use of the concept of quaternary prevention may improve the effectiveness and equity of the health system.

Distance learning course improves primary care dentists' diagnosis and self-efficacy in the management of oral lesions

Abstract Oral cancer represents a public health issue because of its high mortality rate, resulting mainly from diagnostic delays. Insufficient training in oral diagnosis is usually perceived by dentists. Distance learning could be used as an auxiliary tool to bridge that gap. This study evaluated the impact of a distance learning course on oral mucosal lesion diagnosis offered to public healthcare dentists. Participants of an online course answered a pretest/posttest comprising clinical images of 30 clinical cases. Participants were questioned about the diagnosis and informed their decision on the cases (referring the cases to a specialist or managing them themselves), as a parameter of perceived self-efficacy. A total of 442 dentists enrolled in the course. Their pass rate was 97%. Classification of the nature of the lesions, diagnostic hypotheses, sensitivity, and specificity improved by 13.4%, 10.0%, 13.4%, and 6.6%, respectively (p<0.01, Wilcoxon test). Regarding management, there was a 16.6% reduction in the intention to refer cases, while confidence in the diagnosis of benign lesions increased by 40%. A distance learning course may be useful in continuing education actions for primary care dentists, improving their diagnostic abilities and encouraging them in the management of oral lesions. Moreover, this strategy could contribute to disseminating knowledge to remote regions, particularly among primary health care professionals.

Teleconsultorias síncronas para enfermeiras(os): ferramenta de suporte à prática clínica na atenção primária à saúde / Synchronous teleconsulting for nurses: tool to support clinical practice in primary health care / Teleconsultoría sincrónica para enfermeras: herramienta de apoyo a la práctica clínica em atención primaria de salud

Objetivo: relatar o uso da teleconsultoria síncrona em enfermagem como uma ferramenta de suporte à prática clínica na Atenção Primária à Saúde do Brasil. Método: trata-se de um estudo do tipo relato de experiência, que contextualiza o uso da teleconsultoria em enfermagem ofertada pelo núcleo de telessaúde do Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados: foram realizadas mais de 15 mil teleconsultorias síncronas solicitadas por enfermeiras(os) de todo Brasil. Os dados mostram que o serviço foi utilizado por enfermeiros de todos os estados, majoritariamente, de equipes localizadas no sul e sudeste do país. Destaca-se que o serviço apresenta como principal potencialidade a democratização do acesso à informação científica que resulta em uma atuação mais assertiva no cuidado em saúde. Considerações finais: a oferta gratuita de suporte para a prática clínica de enfermeiras(os) na Atenção Primária à Saúde constitui-se como uma promissora estratégia de qualificação da assistência prestada pela enfermagem. Evidencia-se a necessidade do fortalecimento do uso da telessaúde no dia a dia dos enfermeiros brasileiros. (AU)

Objective: to report the use of synchronous teleconsulting in nursing as a support tool for clinical practice in Primary Health Care in Brazil. Methods: This is a experience-report-type study, which contextualizes the use of teleconsulting in nursing offered by the telehealth center in Rio Grande do Sul. Results: More than 15 thousand synchronous teleconsultations requested by nurses from all over Brazil. The data show that the service was used by nurses from all states, mostly from teams located in the south and southeast of the country. It is noteworthy that the service has as its main potential the democratization of access to scientific information, which results in a more assertive role in health care. Conclusion: The free offer of support for the clinical practice of nurses in Primary Health Care is a promising strategy for qualifying the care provided by nursing. The need to strengthen the use of telehealth in the daily lives of Brazilian nurses is evident. (AU)

Objetivo: Informar sobre el uso de la teleconsulta sincrónica en enfermería como herramienta de apoyo a la práctica clínica en Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil. Método: Se trata de un estudio tipo relato de experiencia, que contextualiza el uso de la teleconsulta en enfermería ofrecida por el centro de telesalud de Rio Grande do Sul. Resultados: más de 15 mil teleconsultas sincrónicas solicitadas por enfermeras de todo Brasil. Los datos muestran que el servicio fue utilizado por enfermeras de todos los estados, en su mayoría de equipos ubicados en el sur y sureste del país. Es de destacar que el servicio tiene como principal potencial la democratización del acceso a la información científica, lo que se traduce en un rol más asertivo en la atención de la salud. Conclusión: La oferta gratuita de apoyo a la práctica clínica del enfermero en Atención Primaria de Salud es una estrategia prometedora para calificar la atención brindada por la enfermería. Es evidente la necesidad de fortalecer el uso de la telesalud en la vida diaria de las enfermeras brasileñas. (AU)

Primary Care Assessment Tool: regional differences based on the National Health Survey from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. / Primary Care Asssement Tool: diferenças regionais a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.

In 2019, unprecedentedly among the official statistical institutes worldwide, the IBGE included a particular module on evaluating primary health care in its central population-based population survey, the National Health Survey (PNS-2019). The survey considered the reduced version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), developed and disseminated by Starfield and Shi, to assess the existence and extent of the structure and process characteristics of PHC services. It is the most significant probabilistic sample using this instrument ever conducted in a single country in the world that interviewed users aged 18 or over (n=9,677). The results of the Brazilian overall PCAT scores (5.9 [5.8; 5.9]) point to significant regional and intraregional contrasts, with the South of the country standing out with the best evaluations of primary care services (overall score = 6.3 [6.2; 6.5]) and the North with the worse (overall score = 5,5 [5,3; 5,7]). There were also statistically significant and more favorable differences between residents of households registered by family health teams, among older adults, and those using health services the most (adults with reported morbidities).

Em 2019, o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) de forma inédita entre os institutos oficiais de estatística em todo o mundo, incluiu um módulo especial sobre avaliação da atenção primária à saúde em seu principal inquérito populacional de base domiciliar, a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). O inquérito considerou a versão reduzida do instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), desenvolvida e disseminada por Starfield e Shi para avaliar a existência e extensão das características de estrutura e processos dos serviços de atenção primária em saúde. Trata-se da maior amostra probabilística com o uso desse instrumento já realizada em um único país do mundo que entrevistou usuários com 18 anos ou mais (n = 9.677). Os resultados dos escores gerais do PCAT do Brasil (5,9 [5,8; 5,9]) apontam grandes contrastes regionais e intraregionais, com a região Sul do país destacando-se com as melhores avaliações dos serviços de atenção primária (escore geral = 6,3 [6,2; 6,5]) e a região norte, por outro lado, com as menores (escore geral = 5,5 [5,3; 5,7]). Foram também observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes e mais favoráveis entre os moradores de domicílios cadastrados pelas equipes de saúde da família, entre os mais idosos e entre que mais utilizam os serviços de saúde (adultos com morbidades referidas).

Primary Care Asssement Tool: diferenças regionais a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística / Primary Care Assessment Tool: regional differences based on the National Health Survey from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

Resumo Em 2019, o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) de forma inédita entre os institutos oficiais de estatística em todo o mundo, incluiu um módulo especial sobre avaliação da atenção primária à saúde em seu principal inquérito populacional de base domiciliar, a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). O inquérito considerou a versão reduzida do instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), desenvolvida e disseminada por Starfield e Shi para avaliar a existência e extensão das características de estrutura e processos dos serviços de atenção primária em saúde. Trata-se da maior amostra probabilística com o uso desse instrumento já realizada em um único país do mundo que entrevistou usuários com 18 anos ou mais (n = 9.677). Os resultados dos escores gerais do PCAT do Brasil (5,9 [5,8; 5,9]) apontam grandes contrastes regionais e intraregionais, com a região Sul do país destacando-se com as melhores avaliações dos serviços de atenção primária (escore geral = 6,3 [6,2; 6,5]) e a região norte, por outro lado, com as menores (escore geral = 5,5 [5,3; 5,7]). Foram também observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes e mais favoráveis entre os moradores de domicílios cadastrados pelas equipes de saúde da família, entre os mais idosos e entre que mais utilizam os serviços de saúde (adultos com morbidades referidas).

Abstract In 2019, unprecedentedly among the official statistical institutes worldwide, the IBGE included a particular module on evaluating primary health care in its central population-based population survey, the National Health Survey (PNS-2019). The survey considered the reduced version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), developed and disseminated by Starfield and Shi, to assess the existence and extent of the structure and process characteristics of PHC services. It is the most significant probabilistic sample using this instrument ever conducted in a single country in the world that interviewed users aged 18 or over (n=9,677). The results of the Brazilian overall PCAT scores (5.9 [5.8; 5.9]) point to significant regional and intraregional contrasts, with the South of the country standing out with the best evaluations of primary care services (overall score = 6.3 [6.2; 6.5]) and the North with the worse (overall score = 5,5 [5,3; 5,7]). There were also statistically significant and more favorable differences between residents of households registered by family health teams, among older adults, and those using health services the most (adults with reported morbidities).

Quality of referrals to a rheumatology service before and after implementation of a triage system with telemedicine support.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality of referrals for a first Rheumatology consultation at a tertiary care center in a southern Brazilian capital (Porto Alegre, RS), having as background findings from a similar survey performed in 2007/2008. Since then, our state has implemented referral protocols and a triage system with teleconsulting support exclusively for referrals from locations outside the capital, permitting a comparison between patients screened and not screened by the new system. METHODS: Physicians of the Rheumatology Service at Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição prospectively collected information regarding first visits over a 6-month period (Oct 2017 to March 2018). We recorded demographic characteristics, diagnostic hypotheses, date of referral, and the municipality of origin (within the state of Rio Grande do Sul). We considered adequate referrals from primary health care when a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease (SIRD) was suspected at first evaluation by the attending rheumatologist. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-seven patients/appointments were eligible for analysis (193 from the capital and 164 from small and medium towns). In 2007/2008, suspected SIRD occurred in 76/260 (29.2%) and 73/222 (32.9%) among patients from the capital and outside counties, respectively (P = 0.387). In 2017/2018, suspected SIRD occurred in 75/193 (38.9%) and 111/164 (67.7%) in patients from the capital and outside counties, respectively (difference: 28.8, 95% CI: 19.0 to 38.9, P < 0.001), indicating a marked improvement in referrals submitted to the new triage system. CONCLUSION: The quality of Rheumatology referrals in our state improved over the 10-year interval under study, particularly among patients from locations submitted to referral protocols and teleconsulting support.

The Role of Telehealth in the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Brazilian Experience. / O Papel da Telessaúde na Pandemia Covid-19: Uma Experiência Brasileira.

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, is the third coronavirus to cause severe disease in humans and to spread globally in the past two decades. In this context, several national public health departments, including the Brazilian Ministry of Health, highlighted what was, until then, considered a support service to the health system: telehealth and telemedicine. We intend to present the actions carried out by a national telehealth service in Brazil, both as a Primary Health Care (PHC) support service to professionals and to patients, as well as discussing the potential to reorganize a health system. This is a prevalence study that summarizes the measures adopted by Brazilian Telehealth Center from the 9th to the 27th epidemiological weeks of 2020 to support the health services of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). There was an increase of 76.8% in the demand for telephone teleconsultations during the evaluated period compared to the same period in 2019, with 28.8% of the entire demand arising from doubts related to Covid-19. The Covid-19 pandemic demanded a quick response, with the organization of materials about the disease, a new team to carry out telemonitoring and teleconsultation activities, in addition to the creation of a manual for teleconsultations in Primary Health Care.

O SARS-CoV-2, vírus causador da Covid-19, é o terceiro coronavírus a causar doença grave em humanos e que apresentou disseminação global nas duas últimas décadas. Nesse contexto, diversos departamentos nacionais de saúde pública, entre eles o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, trouxeram destaque àquilo que era, até então, considerado um serviço de apoio ao sistema de saúde: a telessaúde e a telemedicina. Pretendemos apresentar as ações realizadas por um serviço nacional de telessaúde no Brasil, tanto no suporte aos profissionais de saúde da Atenção Primária à Saúde quanto a pacientes, além de discutir o potencial de reorganizar um sistema de saúde. Estudo de prevalência que sumariza as ações de telemedicina adotadas pelo TelessaúdeRS-UFRGS no período da 9ª à 27ª semana epidemiológica de 2020 para apoio aos serviços de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Houve aumento de 76,8% da demanda de teleconsultorias telefônicas no período avaliado em comparação com o mesmo período em 2019, sendo 28,8% dessa demanda total decorrente de dúvidas relacionada à Covid-19. A pandemia por Covid-19 demandou rápida resposta com a organização de materiais sobre a doença, uma nova equipe para execução das atividades de telemonitoramento e teleconsultas, além da elaboração de um manual para teleconsultas na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

The management of COVID-19 cases through telemedicine in Brazil.

In Dec 2020 Brazil became one of the worldwide epicenters of the COVID-19 pandemic with more than 7.2M reported cases. Brazil has a large territory with unequal distribution of healthcare resources including physicians. Resource limitation has been one of the main factors hampering Brazil's response to the COVID-19 crisis. Telemedicine has been an effective approach for COVID-19 management as it allows to reduce the risk of cross-contamination and provides support to remote rural locations. Here we present the analyses of teleconsultations from a countrywide telemedicine service (TelessáudeRS-UFRGS, TRS), that provides physician-to-physician remote support during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. We performed a descriptive analysis of the teleconsultation incoming calls and a text analysis from the call transcripts. Our findings indicate that TRS teleconsultations in Brazil experienced an exponential increment of 802.% during a period of 6 days, after the first death due to COVID-19 was reported. However, the number of teleconsultations cases decreased over time, despite the number of reported COVID-19 cases continuously increasing. The results also showed that physicians in low-income municipalities, based on GDP per capita, are less likely to consult the telemedicine service despite facing higher rates of COVID-19 cases. The text analysis of call transcripts from medical teleconsultations showed that the main concern of physicians were "asymptomatic" patients. We suggest an immediate reinforcement of telehealth services in the regions of lower income as a strategy to support COVID-19 management.

Social Distancing, Mask Use, and Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Brazil, April-June 2020.

We assessed the associations of social distancing and mask use with symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Porto Alegre, Brazil. We conducted a population-based case-control study during April-June 2020. Municipal authorities furnished case-patients, and controls were taken from representative household surveys. In adjusted logistic regression analyses of 271 case-patients and 1,396 controls, those reporting moderate to greatest adherence to social distancing had 59% (odds ratio [OR] 0.41, 95% CI 0.24-0.70) to 75% (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.15-0.42) lower odds of infection. Lesser out-of-household exposure (vs. going out every day all day) reduced odds from 52% (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29-0.77) to 75% (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.18-0.36). Mask use reduced odds of infection by 87% (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.36). In conclusion, social distancing and mask use while outside the house provided major protection against symptomatic infection.

O Papel da Telessaúde na Pandemia Covid-19: Uma Experiência Brasileira / The Role of Telehealth in the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Brazilian Experience

Resumo O SARS-CoV-2, vírus causador da Covid-19, é o terceiro coronavírus a causar doença grave em humanos e que apresentou disseminação global nas duas últimas décadas. Nesse contexto, diversos departamentos nacionais de saúde pública, entre eles o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, trouxeram destaque àquilo que era, até então, considerado um serviço de apoio ao sistema de saúde: a telessaúde e a telemedicina. Pretendemos apresentar as ações realizadas por um serviço nacional de telessaúde no Brasil, tanto no suporte aos profissionais de saúde da Atenção Primária à Saúde quanto a pacientes, além de discutir o potencial de reorganizar um sistema de saúde. Estudo de prevalência que sumariza as ações de telemedicina adotadas pelo TelessaúdeRS-UFRGS no período da 9ª à 27ª semana epidemiológica de 2020 para apoio aos serviços de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Houve aumento de 76,8% da demanda de teleconsultorias telefônicas no período avaliado em comparação com o mesmo período em 2019, sendo 28,8% dessa demanda total decorrente de dúvidas relacionada à Covid-19. A pandemia por Covid-19 demandou rápida resposta com a organização de materiais sobre a doença, uma nova equipe para execução das atividades de telemonitoramento e teleconsultas, além da elaboração de um manual para teleconsultas na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Abstract SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19, is the third coronavirus to cause severe disease in humans and to spread globally in the past two decades. In this context, several national public health departments, including the Brazilian Ministry of Health, highlighted what was, until then, considered a support service to the health system: telehealth and telemedicine. We intend to present the actions carried out by a national telehealth service in Brazil, both as a Primary Health Care (PHC) support service to professionals and to patients, as well as discussing the potential to reorganize a health system. This is a prevalence study that summarizes the measures adopted by Brazilian Telehealth Center from the 9th to the 27th epidemiological weeks of 2020 to support the health services of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). There was an increase of 76.8% in the demand for telephone teleconsultations during the evaluated period compared to the same period in 2019, with 28.8% of the entire demand arising from doubts related to Covid-19. The Covid-19 pandemic demanded a quick response, with the organization of materials about the disease, a new team to carry out telemonitoring and teleconsultation activities, in addition to the creation of a manual for teleconsultations in Primary Health Care.

Development and Assessment of a Brazilian Pilot Massive Open Online Course in Planetary Health Education: An Innovative Model for Primary Care Professionals and Community Training.

Introduction: Planetary health (PH) has emerged as a leading field for raising awareness, debating, and finding solutions for the health impacts of human-caused disruptions to Earth's natural systems. PH education addresses essential questions of how humanity inhabits Earth, and how humans affect, and are affected by, natural systems. A pilot massive open online course (MOOC) in PH was created in Brazil in 2020. This MOOC capitalized on the global online pivot, to make the course accessible to a broader audience. This study describes the process of course creation and development and assesses the impact evaluation data and student outcomes of the PH MOOC. Methods: The PH MOOC pilot was launched in Brazilian Portuguese, using the TelessaúdeRS-UFRGS platform on 4/27/2020 and concluded on 7/19/2020 with a total load of 80 h. It was composed of 8 content modules, pre and post-test, 10 topics in a forum discussion, and an optional action plan. This study analyzes the course database, profile of participants, answers to questionnaires, forum interaction, and action plans submitted. Results: Two thousand seven hundred seventy-seven participants enrolled in the course, of which 1,237 (44.54%) gave informed consent for this study. Of the 1,237 participants who agreed to participate in the research, 614 (49.8%) completed the course, and 569 (92.67%) were accredited by TelessaúdeRS-UFRGS. The majority of the participants were concerned with climate change, trained in the health area, and worked in primary health care in places that lacked ongoing sustainability programs. Two hundred forty-one action plans were submitted, major topics identified were food and nutrition, infectious diseases, and garbage and recycling. Discussion: The use of the PH lens and open perspective of the course centered the need to communicate planetary health topics to individuals. The local plans reflected the motto of "think global and act local." Brazil presents a context of an unprecedented social, political, and environmental crisis, with massive deforestation, extensive fires, and biomass burning altering the biomes, on top of an ongoing necropolitical infodemic and COVID-19 pandemic. In the face of these multiple challenges, this MOOC offers a timely resource for health professionals and communities, encouraging them to address planetary challenges as fundamental health determinants.

Ophthalmic image acquired by ophthalmologists and by allied health personnel as part of a telemedicine strategy: a comparative study of image quality.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the quality of ophthalmic images acquired by a nurse technician trained in teleophthalmology as compared with images acquired by an ophthalmologist, in order to provide a better understanding of the workforce necessary to operate remote care programs. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 2044 images obtained from 118 participants of the TeleOftalmo project, in Brazil. Fundus and slit-lamp photography were performed on site by an ophthalmologist and by a nurse technician under the supervision of a remote ophthalmologist. Image quality was then evaluated by masked ophthalmologists. Proportion of suitable images in each group was compared. RESULTS: The proportion of concordant classification regarding quality was 94.8%, with a corrected kappa agreement of 0.94. When analyzing each type of photo separately, there was no significant difference in the proportion of suitable images between on-site ophthalmologist and nurse technician with remote ophthalmologist assistance for the following: slit-lamp views of the anterior segment and anterior chamber periphery, and fundus photographs centered on the macula and on the optic disc (P = 0.825, P = 0.997, P = 0.194, and P = 0.449, respectively). For slit-lamp views of the lens, the proportion of suitable images was higher among those obtained by an ophthalmologist (99.6%) than by a technician (93.8%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmic photographs acquired by a trained technician consistently achieved >90% adequacy for remote reading. Compared with ophthalmologist-acquired photos, the proportion of images deemed suitable achieved a high overall agreement. These findings provide favorable evidence of the adequacy of teleophthalmological imaging by nurse technicians.